Carbon Capture and Storage (from ChatGPT)

The expected cost of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) this century depends heavily on the application (e.g., power plants, cement, steel), technology type, and geographic factors. Here's a breakdown by timeframe, application, and estimated cost per ton of CO₂ captured and stored:

📍 Current Costs (2020s):

• Power Plants (coal/gas):
  $40–$120/tCO₂

• Industrial (cement, steel, hydrogen):
  $60–$150/tCO₂

• Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS):
  $100–$200/tCO₂ (but with potential for net-negative emissions)

• Direct Air Capture with CCS:
  $600–$1,200/tCO₂ (as seen before)

📈 Mid-Century (by ~2050):

Assuming broader deployment, policy support (like carbon pricing), and learning-by-doing:

• Power sector CCS:
  $30–$80/tCO₂

• Industrial CCS:
  $50–$100/tCO₂

• BECCS:
  $80–$150/tCO₂

• DAC with CCS:
  $200–$400/tCO₂

🔮 End-of-Century (by ~2100):

• Power sector CCS:
  $20–$60/tCO₂

• Industrial CCS:
  $40–$80/tCO₂

• BECCS:
  $60–$120/tCO₂

• DAC with CCS:
  $50–$200/tCO₂ (in highly optimistic scenarios)

🔍 Influencing Factors:

• Capture technology: Post-combustion, oxy-fuel, pre-combustion all have different costs.

• Concentration of CO₂: Cheaper to capture from high-purity sources (e.g., natural gas processing).

• Transport & Storage: Proximity to geologic storage lowers cost (~$10–$20/tCO₂ typically).

• Infrastructure: Costs drop with integrated CCS hubs, pipelines, and economies of scale.

• Regulation & policy: Carbon markets, tax credits (e.g. 45Q in the U.S.), subsidies reduce effective costs.

📚 Sources:

• IEA CCS Technology Roadmap (2023)

• NASEM (2021) – Long-term decarbonization pathways

• IPCC AR6 WG3 (2022) – Cost ranges across applications

• Global CCS Institute (2023) – Project case studies and cost benchmarking